n 2020, WWF-UK and the RSPB published 3Keel’s analysis of the footprint of UK imports, which revealed that the UK’s demand for just seven key commodities requires a land area abroad that is almost the size of the UK itself – often in countries with high risks of deforestation.

The research, conducted by 3Keel’s Commodity Supply Chains team, was an update to the influential Risky Business report for 2011-2015. It looked at the environmental and social impacts of the UK’s imports of seven key commodities – beef and leather, cocoa, palm oil, pulp and paper, rubber, soy and timber – updating the findings for 2015-2018.

Since the previous assessment, the amount of overseas land needed to meet UK demand for these imports had grown by 15% and was equivalent to around 88% of the UK’s land area.

More than a quarter of this land (28%) is in countries evaluated as ‘very high’ or ‘high’ risk for deforestation and human rights abuses. Risk was evaluated using data on deforestation from Global Forest Watch and the United Nations Food and Agriculture, and national human rights indicators from the World Bank and International Trade Union Confederation. The situation was particularly acute for the tropical commodities – cocoa, palm oil, rubber and soy – where between 60 and 80% of the land used for production was in ‘high’ or ‘very high’ risk countries including Brazil, Indonesia and Cote D’Ivoire.

WWF-UK and RSPB report that deforestation and habitat destruction in these areas could be threatening the survival of more than 2,800 species, including orangutans, giant anteaters, pygmy hippos and pangolins.

Riskier Business: the UK Overseas Land Footprint was widely covered in mainstream media including The Times and ITV News. It provided crucial evidence for governments, businesses and financial institutions to understand the scale of deforestation and human rights abuses linked to UK commodity imports. The report outlined the actions required by different stakeholders to address the environmental and human problems in the supply chains of these commodity imports.